The European Journal of International Law Vol. 18 no. 2 © EJIL 2007; all rights reserved
Sexual Violence Against Men in Armed Conflict
* Lecturer, School of Law, University of Nottingham. I would like to thank Peter Bartlett and Robert Cryer for their helpful comments on earlier drafts. Email: sandy.sivakumaran{at}gmail.com.
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Abstract |
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Reports of sexual violence by men against men emerge from numerous conflicts, ranging in time from Ancient Persia and the Crusades to the conflicts in Iraq and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Despite these accounts, relatively little material exists on the subject and the issue tends to be relegated to a footnote. This article ascertains the extent to which male sexual violence is committed in armed conflict. It considers factors that explain under-reporting by victims and lack of detection on the part of others. The particular forms of male sexual violence are also examined: namely rape, enforced sterilization and other forms of sexual violence, including enforced nudity, enforced masturbation and genital violence. The dynamics present in these offences are explored, with issues of power and dominance, expressed through emasculation, considered. Thus, attention is paid to ideas of feminization, homosexualization and the prevention of procreation. The symbolic construction of male and female bodies in armed conflict is also explored.